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Operant conditioning, as developed by B.F. Skinner, primarily focuses on how the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. This concept encompasses the principles of reinforcement and punishment. When a behavior is followed by a reinforcement, it increases the probability of that behavior occurring again, while punishment decreases its likelihood. Skinner's studies emphasize the role of external stimuli in shaping behavior, demonstrating that behaviors can be modified through a structured system of rewards and consequences.

On the other hand, observational learning relates to learning through watching others, which is distinct from Skinner’s focus on direct reinforcement. Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus, which is separate from the voluntary behavior changes emphasized in operant conditioning. Lastly, autonomic responses pertain to involuntary physiological reactions, not directly connected to the framework of operant conditioning, which centers on intentional behavioral responses governed by external reinforcements.